GSP294

Overview

APIs (Application Programming Interfaces) are software programs that give developers access to computing resources and data. Companies from many different fields offer publicly available APIs so that developers can integrate specialized tools, services, or libraries with their own applications and codebase.

This lab will teach you about the architecture and basic functioning of APIs. This will be supplemented with hands-on practice, where you will configure and run Cloud Storage API methods in Google Cloud Shell. After taking this lab you will understand key principles of API communication, architecture, and authentication. You will also gain practical experience with APIs, which you can apply to future labs or projects.

APIs - what and why

The ability to access data and computing resources greatly increases a developer's efficiency. It is much easier to use an API than to build every single program, method, or dataset from scratch. APIs are built on the principle of abstraction—you don't need to understand the inner workings or complexities of an API to use it in your own environment.

APIs are built with the developer in mind and often don't offer a graphical user interface (GUI). However, there are exceptions to this standard. Google has released a new tool called APIs Explorer, which allows you to explore various Google APIs interactively (be sure to check out the APIs Explorer: Qwik Start lab afterwards if you are interested in learning more.)

Cloud APIs

Google offers APIs that can be applied to many different fields and sectors. APIs are often used in web development, machine learning, data science, and system administration workflows. However, these are only a handful of use cases. If you explore AnyAPI, for example, you will start to see just how many APIs are available.

When Qwiklabs provisions a new Google Cloud Project for a lab instance, it enables most APIs behind the scenes so you can work on the lab's tasks right away. If you create your own projects outside of Qwiklabs, you will have to enable certain APIs yourself.

As you gain proficiency as a Google Cloud user, you will start to use more APIs in your workflow. Experienced users will integrate and use Cloud APIs in their local environments almost exclusively, rarely using the Cloud Console to run tools and services. Dozens of labs are available that give you practice with various Google APIs in different languages. Here are two for example:

• Cloud Natural Language API: Qwik Start
• Entity and Sentiment Analysis with the Natural Language API

You will now explore the API library to see what Google APIs are available.

What you'll learn

In this lab, you will learn about:

• Google APIs
• API architecture
• HTTP protocol and methods
• Endpoints
• REST (Representational State Transfer) and RESTful APIs
• JSON (JavaScript Object Notation)
• API authentication services

Prerequisites

This is an introductory level lab. This assumes little to no prior knowledge of APIs or experience using Google APIs. Familiarity with shell environments and command line interface tools is recommended, but not required. Familiarity with the Cloud Console and Cloud Storage is recommended, so please at a minimum take the following labs before attempting this one:

• A Tour of Qwiklabs and Google Cloud
• Cloud Storage: Qwik Start - Console

Once you're ready, scroll down and follow the steps below to set up your lab environment.

Setup and requirements

Before you click the Start Lab button

Read these instructions. Labs are timed and you cannot pause them. The timer, which starts when you click Start Lab, shows how long Google Cloud resources will be made available to you.

This hands-on lab lets you do the lab activities yourself in a real cloud environment, not in a simulation or demo environment. It does so by giving you new, temporary credentials that you use to sign in and access Google Cloud for the duration of the lab.

To complete this lab, you need:

• Access to a standard internet browser (Chrome browser recommended).

Note: Use an Incognito or private browser window to run this lab. This prevents any conflicts between your personal account and the Student account, which may cause extra charges incurred to your personal account.

• Time to complete the lab---remember, once you start, you cannot pause a lab.

Note: If you already have your own personal Google Cloud account or project, do not use it for this lab to avoid extra charges to your account.

How to start your lab and sign in to the Google Cloud Console

1. Click the Start Lab button. If you need to pay for the lab, a pop-up opens for you to select your payment method. On the left is the Lab Details panel with the following:

   • The Open Google Console button
   • Time remaining
   • The temporary credentials that you must use for this lab
   • Other information, if needed, to step through this lab

2. Click Open Google Console. The lab spins up resources, and then opens another tab that shows the Sign in page.

   Tip: Arrange the tabs in separate windows, side-by-side.

   Note: If you see the Choose an account dialog, click Use Another Account.

3. If necessary, copy the Username from the Lab Details panel and paste it into the Sign in dialog. Click Next.

4. Copy the Password from the Lab Details panel and paste it into the Welcome dialog. Click Next.

   Important: You must use the credentials from the left panel. Do not use your Google Cloud Skills Boost credentials. Note: Using your own Google Cloud account for this lab may incur extra charges.

5. Click through the subsequent pages:

   • Accept the terms and conditions.
   • Do not add recovery options or two-factor authentication (because this is a temporary account).
   • Do not sign up for free trials.

After a few moments, the Cloud Console opens in this tab.

Note: You can view the menu with a list of Google Cloud Products and Services by clicking the Navigation menu at the top-left.

How do APIs work?

API architecture

APIs (Application Programming Interfaces) are a set of methods that allow programs to communicate with each other. To communicate effectively, programs must adhere to a clear protocol that governs the transfer and interpretation of data. The internet is the standard communication channel that APIs use to transmit requests and responses between programs. Web-based APIs use the client-server model as the underlying architecture for exchanging information. The client is a computing device that makes a request for some computing resource or data, and the server has data and/or computing resources stored on it, which interprets and fulfills the client's request.

HTTP protocol and methods

Since APIs use the web as a communication channel, many of them adhere to the HTTP protocol, which specifies rules and methods for data exchange between clients and servers over the internet. APIs that utilize the HTTP protocol use HTTP request methods (also known as "HTTP verbs") for transmitting client requests to servers. The most commonly used HTTP request methods are GET, POST, PUT, and DELETE. GET is used by a client to fetch data from a server, PUT replaces existing data or creates data if it does not exist, POST is used primarily to create new resources, and DELETE removes data or resources specified by the client on a server.

Endpoints

APIs use HTTP methods to interact with data or computing services hosted on a server. These methods are useless if there isn't a way to access specific resources with consistency. APIs utilize communication channels called endpoints so that clients can access the resources they need without complication or irregularity. Endpoints are access points to data or computing resources hosted on a server and they take the form of an HTTP URI. Endpoints are added to an API's base URL to create a path to a specific resource or container of resources. Additionally, query strings can be added to endpoints to pass in variables that may be needed to complete an API's request.

REST and RESTful APIs

APIs that utilize the HTTP protocol, request methods, and endpoints are referred to as RESTful APIs. RESTful APIs live on the server, acting as an implementer for client requests. This model defines a framework of endpoints (nouns) that HTTP methods (verbs) act on, and APIs use this framework to fulfill requests. To summarize, RESTful APIs utilize the client-server model, adhere to the HTTP protocol, utilize HTTP request methods, and utilize endpoints to access specific resources.

Test your understanding

Answer the following multiple choice questions to reinforce your understanding of the concepts covered so far.

Task 1. Using the API library

In this section, you will explore the API library and enable an API. The API library is a centralized location for all Google APIs. You can use the API library to enable, disable, and manage APIs across your projects.

1. Open the Navigation menu and select APIs & Services > Library.

The API library offers quick access, documentation, and configuration options for 200+ Google APIs. Even though it's housed in the Console, it's important to note that the library offers access to all Google APIs — not only Google Cloud centric ones. This highlights an important theme: APIs are fundamental to all Google services, and Cloud APIs don't all fall under the Google Cloud category.

Time for some hands-on practice enabling an API in the API library. Assume that you are a mobile developer for a fitness site and you want to use the Google Fitness API to build your application.

2. In the "Search for APIs and Services" search bar, type in Fitness API and press ENTER.
3. Click on the Fitness API from the result list. Then, click Enable.

You should be automatically redirected to the Fitness API page. You should now see that the API is now enabled:

The API library provides links to tutorials and documentation, terms of service, and interactive methods offered in the APIs Explorer. To see metric and usage information, you will use the APIs & Services dashboard.

From this page you can view and request quotas, control access to resources and data, and view metrics.

3. To see one of these features in action, select the Quotas tab.

4. This shows you how many queries this API allows per day and per minute:

Now that you've gotten experience provisioning a non-Cloud API, the rest of the hands-on practice will involve the Cloud Storage API. You will now learn about the architecture and basic functioning of APIs.

Test your understanding

Answer the following multiple choice questions to reinforce your understanding of the concepts covered so far.

Task 2. Creating a JSON File in the Cloud Console

You will apply what you've learned by making Cloud Storage REST/JSON API calls in Cloud Shell to create buckets and upload content.

1. In a new tab, open Google Cloud Storage JSON API to ensure that the Cloud Storage API is enabled. You should see the following:

2. Now open up a Cloud Shell session. Run the following command to create and edit a file called values.json:

nano values.json

3. Inside the nano text editor copy and paste the following, replacing <YOUR_BUCKET_NAME> with a unique bucket name:

{ "name": "<YOUR_BUCKET_NAME>", "location": "us", "storageClass": "multi_regional" } You can use your Project ID as your bucket name since it is globally unique. ```

4. Once you have, exit out of the nano text editor with CTRL+X → Y → ENTER.

You just created a JSON file that contains an object that has three key-value pairs: name, location, and storageClass. These are the same values that are required when you make a bucket with the gsutil command line tool or in the console.

Before a bucket can be created with the Cloud Storage REST/JSON API, you need to get the proper authentication and authorization policies in place.

Task 3. Authenticate and authorize the Cloud Storage JSON/REST API

Authentication and authorization

Authentication and authorization are two terms that are often used interchangeably, but they are not the same thing.

• Authentication refers to the process of determining a client's identity.
• Authorization refers to the process of determining what permissions an authenticated client has for a set of resources.

Authentication identifies who you are, and authorization determines what you can do.

There are three types of authentication/authorization services that Google APIs use. These are "API Keys", "Service accounts", and "OAuth". An API will use one of these authentication services depending on the resources it requests and from where the API is called from.

API keys

API keys are secret tokens that usually come in the form of an encrypted string. API keys are quick to generate and use. APIs that use public data or methods and want to get developers up and running quickly will oftentimes use API keys to authenticate users.

In Google Cloud terms, API keys identify the calling project making the call to an API. By identifying the calling project, API keys enable usage information to be associated with that project, and they can reject calls from projects that haven't been granted access or enabled by the API.

OAuth

OAuth tokens are similar to API keys in their format, but they are more secure and can be linked to user accounts or identities. These tokens are used primarily when APIs give a developer the means to access user data.

While API keys give developers access to all of an API's functionality, OAuth client IDs are all based on scope; different privileges will be granted to different identities.

Service Accounts

A service account is a special type of Google account that belongs to your application or a virtual machine (VM) instead of to an individual end user. Your application assumes the identity of the service account to call Google APIs, so that the users aren't directly involved.

You can use a service account by providing its private key to your application, or by using the built-in service accounts available when running on Cloud Functions, Google App Engine, Compute Engine, or Google Kubernetes Engine.

For a lab specifically dealing with service accounts and roles, refer to: Service Accounts and Roles: Fundamentals.

Since Cloud Storage is a platform that hosts and provides access to user data, you need to generate an OAuth token before you use its services.

1. Open the OAuth 2.0 playground in a new tab. This is a service that allows you to generate OAuth tokens with ease.

2. Scroll down and select Cloud Storage API V1.

3. Then select the https://www.googleapis.com/auth/devstorage.full_control scope:

4. Click on the blue box that says Authorize APIs. This will open a Google Sign-in page.

5. Select your Qwiklabs username and then click Continue when prompted for permissions.

Step 2 should now have an authorization code generated.

6. Click on Exchange authorization code for tokens. If you get moved to Step 3, click on the Step 2 panel. Your page should resemble the following:

7. Copy the access token, it will be used in the following step.

Task 4. Create a bucket with the Cloud Storage JSON/REST API

1. Return to your Cloud Shell session. At the CLI prompt, type in ls and hit enter. You should see the values.json file that you created before and a README-cloudshell.txt file:

Output:

README-cloudshell.txt values.json

2. Run the following command to set your OAuth2 token as an environment variable, replacing <YOUR_TOKEN> with the access token you generated:

export OAUTH2_TOKEN=<YOUR_TOKEN>

3. Run the following command to set your Project ID as an environment variable:

export PROJECT_ID=$(gcloud config get-value project)

4. Now run the following command to create a Cloud Storage bucket:

curl -X POST --data-binary @values.json \ -H "Authorization: Bearer $OAUTH2_TOKEN" \ -H "Content-Type: application/json" \ "https://www.googleapis.com/storage/v1/b?project=$PROJECT_ID"

5. You should receive a similar output:

{ "kind": "storage#bucket", "selfLink": "https://www.googleapis.com/storage/v1/b/qwiklabs-gcp-02-5d551758b5a7", "id": "qwiklabs-gcp-02-5d551758b5a7", "name": "qwiklabs-gcp-02-5d551758b5a7", "projectNumber": "670840659006", "metageneration": "1", "location": "US", "storageClass": "MULTI_REGIONAL", "etag": "CAE=", "timeCreated": "2020-11-11T06:41:40.901Z", "updated": "2020-11-11T06:41:40.901Z", "iamConfiguration": { "bucketPolicyOnly": { "enabled": false }, "uniformBucketLevelAccess": { "enabled": false } }, "locationType": "multi-region" } Note: If you received an error message like "Use of this bucket name is restricted" or "Sorry, that name is not available", it means that there is a conflict with the universal bucket naming convention. Edit the values.json file and replace the bucket name.

This request is the culmination of everything you've learned about so far. You used the curl CLI tool to make an HTTP POST method request. You passed in the values.json file into the request body. You passed the OAuth token and a JSON specification as request headers. This request was routed to the Cloud Storage endpoint, which contains a query string parameter set to your Project ID.

View your newly created Cloud Storage bucket

• To see your newly created bucket, from the Navigation menu select Cloud Storage > Buckets.

Test completed task

Click Check my progress to verify your performed task. If you have successfully created a bucket with the Cloud Storage JSON/REST API, you will see an assessment score.

Create a bucket with the Cloud Storage JSON/REST API

Task 5. Upload a file using the Cloud Storage JSON/REST API

You can use the Cloud Storage JSON/REST API to upload files to buckets.

1. Save the following image to your computer and name it demo-image.png:

2. In your Cloud Shell session, click on the three-dotted menu icon in the top-right corner. Click Upload > Choose File. Select and upload demo-image.png file. This will add the image to your directory.

3. Run the following command to get the path to the image file:

realpath demo-image.png

You should receive a similar output:

/home/gcpstaging25084_student/demo-image.png

4. Set the file path as an environment variable by running the following command, replacing <DEMO_IMAGE_PATH> with your output from the previous command:

export OBJECT=<DEMO_IMAGE_PATH>

5. Set your bucket name as an environment variable by running the following command, replacing <YOUR_BUCKET> with the name of your bucket:

export BUCKET_NAME=<YOUR_BUCKET>

6. Now run the following command to upload the demo image to your Cloud Storage bucket:

curl -X POST --data-binary @$OBJECT \ -H "Authorization: Bearer $OAUTH2_TOKEN" \ -H "Content-Type: image/png" \ "https://www.googleapis.com/upload/storage/v1/b/$BUCKET_NAME/o?uploadType=media&name=demo-image"

You should receive a similar output:

{ "kind": "storage#object", "id": "qwiklabs-gcp-02-5d551758b5a7/demo-image/1605077118178936", "selfLink": "https://www.googleapis.com/storage/v1/b/qwiklabs-gcp-02-5d551758b5a7/o/demo-image", "mediaLink": "https://www.googleapis.com/download/storage/v1/b/qwiklabs-gcp-02-5d551758b5a7/o/demo-image?generation=1605077118178936&alt=media", "name": "demo-image", "bucket": "qwiklabs-gcp-02-5d551758b5a7", "generation": "1605077118178936", "metageneration": "1", "contentType": "image/png", "storageClass": "MULTI_REGIONAL", "size": "401951", "md5Hash": "LbpHpwhnApQKQx9IEXjTsQ==", "crc32c": "j5oPrg==", "etag": "CPis3Zvy+ewCEAE=", "timeCreated": "2020-11-11T06:45:18.178Z", "updated": "2020-11-11T06:45:18.178Z", "timeStorageClassUpdated": "2020-11-11T06:45:18.178Z" }

7. To see the image that was added to your bucket, open the navigation menu and select Cloud Storage > Buckets.

8. Then click on the name of your bucket. You should see that demo-image has been added:

9. Clicking on the image will open Object details page.

Test completed task

Click Check my progress to verify your performed task. If you have successfully uploaded a file using the Cloud Storage JSON/REST API, you will see an assessment score.

Upload a file using the Cloud Storage JSON/REST API

Congratulations!

In this lab you developed a solid understanding of APIs and received hands-on practice with the Cloud Storage JSON/REST API. You learned about Cloud APIs, API architecture, the HTTP protocol and methods, endpoints, RESTful APIs, JSON, and API authentication practices. You are now ready to take more API labs in Qwiklabs.

Finish your quest

This self-paced lab is part of the OK Google: Build Interactive Apps with Google Assistant, Machine Learning APIs, Workspace Integrations, Developing Data and Machine Learning Apps with C#, Exploring APIs, and Develop and Secure APIs with Apigee X quests. A quest is a series of related labs that form a learning path. Completing a quest earns you a badge to recognize your achievement. You can make your badge or badges public and link to them in your online resume or social media account. Enroll in any quest that contains this lab and get immediate completion credit. Refer to the Google Cloud Skills Boost catalog for all available quests.

Next steps / Learn more

Be sure to check out the following labs for more practice with APIs:

• APIs Explorer: Qwik Start
• Cloud Natural Language API: Qwik Start

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Manual Last Updated April 27, 2023

Lab Last Tested April 27, 2023

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