GSP478

Introduction

Cloud Life Sciences helps the life science community organize the world's genomic information and make it accessible and useful. Big genomic data is here today, with petabytes rapidly growing toward exabytes. Through extensions to Google Cloud Platform, you can apply the same technologies that power Google Search and Maps to securely store, process, explore, and share large, complex datasets.

Variant Transforms is an open-source tool used with Cloud Life Sciences. It is based on Apache Beam and uses Cloud Dataflow. Variant Transforms allows you to transform and load hundreds of thousands of files, millions of samples, and billions of records in a scalable manner. The tool also has a preprocessor which you can use to validate VCF files and identify inconsistencies.

The typical workflow for using the tool comprises the following:

1. Storing raw VCF files in Cloud Storage.
2. Using the Variant Transforms tool to load the VCF files from Cloud Storage into BigQuery.

You can then use BigQuery to analyze the variants.

In this lab you will use the Variant Transforms tool to transform and load VCF files from Cloud Storage into BigQuery.

Setup

Before you click the Start Lab button

Read these instructions. Labs are timed and you cannot pause them. The timer, which starts when you click Start Lab, shows how long Google Cloud resources will be made available to you.

This hands-on lab lets you do the lab activities yourself in a real cloud environment, not in a simulation or demo environment. It does so by giving you new, temporary credentials that you use to sign in and access Google Cloud for the duration of the lab.

To complete this lab, you need:

• Access to a standard internet browser (Chrome browser recommended).

__Note:__ Use an Incognito or private browser window to run this lab. This prevents any conflicts between your personal account and the Student account, which may cause extra charges incurred to your personal account.

• Time to complete the lab---remember, once you start, you cannot pause a lab.

__Note:__ If you already have your own personal Google Cloud account or project, do not use it for this lab to avoid extra charges to your account.

How to start your lab and sign in to the Google Cloud Console

1. Click the Start Lab button. If you need to pay for the lab, a pop-up opens for you to select your payment method. On the left is a panel populated with the temporary credentials that you must use for this lab.

   

2. Copy the username, and then click Open Google Console. The lab spins up resources, and then opens another tab that shows the Sign in page.

   

   Tip: Open the tabs in separate windows, side-by-side.

3. In the Sign in page, paste the username that you copied from the left panel. Then copy and paste the password.

   Important: You must use the credentials from the left panel. Do not use your Google Cloud Training credentials. If you have your own Google Cloud account, do not use it for this lab (avoids incurring charges).

4. Click through the subsequent pages:

   • Accept the terms and conditions.
   • Do not add recovery options or two-factor authentication (because this is a temporary account).
   • Do not sign up for free trials.

After a few moments, the Cloud Console opens in this tab.

Activate Cloud Shell

Cloud Shell is a virtual machine that is loaded with development tools. It offers a persistent 5GB home directory and runs on the Google Cloud. Cloud Shell provides command-line access to your Google Cloud resources.

In the Cloud Console, in the top right toolbar, click the Activate Cloud Shell button.

Click Continue.

It takes a few moments to provision and connect to the environment. When you are connected, you are already authenticated, and the project is set to your PROJECT_ID. For example:

gcloud is the command-line tool for Google Cloud. It comes pre-installed on Cloud Shell and supports tab-completion.

You can list the active account name with this command:

gcloud auth list

(Output)

ACTIVE: * ACCOUNT: student-01-xxxxxxxxxxxx@qwiklabs.net To set the active account, run: $ gcloud config set account `ACCOUNT`

You can list the project ID with this command:

gcloud config list project

(Output)

[core] project = <project_ID>

(Example output)

[core] project = qwiklabs-gcp-44776a13dea667a6

Enable the APIs

Open the Navigation menu and select APIs & Services > Library and search for "lifesciences".

Click on the Google Cloud Life Sciences API tile, then click Enable.

Create a Cloud Storage Bucket

In Cloud Shell, set a variable equal to your Project ID:

export PROJECT=<YOUR-PROJECT-ID> gcloud config set project $PROJECT

Use the make bucket command to create a new regional bucket in the us-central1 region within your project:

export BUCKET=${PROJECT}-genomics gsutil mb -c regional -l us-central1 gs://$BUCKET

Click Check my progress to verify the objective. Create a Cloud Storage Bucket.

After storing raw VCF files, use the Variant Transforms tool to load them into BigQuery.

Create the BigQuery dataset

From the Navigation menu in the Console, click on BigQuery. Then Click Done.

In the BigQuery UI, click on your project name, then click on Create Dataset.

Name the Dataset genomicstest. Click Create dataset.

Click Check my progress to verify the objective. Create the BigQuery dataset.

Loading genomic variants for analysis

Next you will use the Variant Transforms tool to transform and load VCF files directly into BigQuery for large-scale storage and analysis. .

Transforming VCF files and importing into BigQuery

Running the tool

You can run the tool using a Docker image that has all of the necessary binaries and dependencies installed.

1. Run the following script to start the tool. For the Output table, substitute:

• Your own Project ID for the GOOGLE_CLOUD_PROJECT variable

• Replace the BIGQUERY_DATASET with genomicstest

• Give your BIGQUERY_TABLE the name "deepvariant"

INPUT_PATTERN=gs://genomics-public-data/NA12878.chr20.sample.DeepVariant-0.7.2.vcf BIGQUERY_DATASET=genomicstest BIGQUERY_TABLE=deepvariant OUTPUT_TABLE=${GOOGLE_CLOUD_PROJECT}:${BIGQUERY_DATASET}.${BIGQUERY_TABLE} TEMP_LOCATION=gs://${BUCKET}/temp GOOGLE_CLOUD_REGION=us-central1 COMMAND="vcf_to_bq \ --input_pattern ${INPUT_PATTERN} \ --output_table ${OUTPUT_TABLE} \ --job_name vcf-to-bigquery \ --runner DataflowRunner" docker run -v ~/.config:/root/.config \ gcr.io/cloud-lifesciences/gcp-variant-transforms \ --project "${GOOGLE_CLOUD_PROJECT}" \ --region "${GOOGLE_CLOUD_REGION}" \ --temp_location "${TEMP_LOCATION}" \ "${COMMAND}" If the message appears like 'Would you like to enable and retry' press 'y' to continue.

2. When specifying the location of your VCF files in a Cloud Storage bucket, you can specify a single file or use a wildcard (*) to load multiple files at once. Acceptable file formats include GZIP, BZIP, and VCF. For more information, see Loading multiple files.
3. The tool runs more slowly for compressed files because compressed files cannot be sharded. If you want to merge samples across files, see Variant merging.
4. Note that the TEMP_LOCATION directory is used to store temporary files needed to run the tool. It can be any directory in Cloud Storage to which you have write access.

The command returns an operation ID in the format:

Pipeline running as projects/PROJECT_ID/locations/us-central1/operations/OPERATION_ID

Depending on several factors, such as the size of your data, it can take anywhere from several minutes to an hour or more for the job to complete. For this lab you’re using a small dataset, so once the Dataflow job starts, it should be finished in around 10 minutes, and the overall job should complete in around 20 minutes. If the job fails, you can check the runner_logs file in the temp folder of the storage bucket that was created to see a detailed message. Sometimes it can take a few minutes for Dataflow API to be fully enabled and to create the service account, so if the job fails the first time or the error logs say "Please ensure that the Dataflow API is enabled for your project." wait a couple minutes and try running the docker run [...] command again.

Because the tool uses Cloud Dataflow, go to Navigation menu > Dataflow to see a detailed view of the job. You will need to wait a couple of minutes for Dataflow to get started.

On the Dataflow screen, click on the vcf-to-bigquery name to see the number of records processed, the number of workers, and detailed error logs.

In Cloud Shell the returned data will show pipeline execution completed when the operation is finished. A detailed description of the Operation resource can be found in the API documentation.

While the job is running, read more about the script you just ran.

Click Check my progress to verify the objective. Loading genomic variants for analysis.

Loading multiple files

You specified the VCF files you want to load into BigQuery using the --input_pattern flag in the script above. For example, to load all VCF files in the my-bucket Cloud Storage bucket, set the flag to the following:

--input_pattern=gs://my-bucket/*.vcf

When loading multiple files with the Variant Transforms tool, the following operations occur:

1. A merged BigQuery schema is created that contains data from all matching VCF files listed in the --input_pattern flag. For example, the INFO and FORMAT fields shared between the VCF files are merged. This step assumes that fields defined in multiple files with the same key are compatible.
2. Records from all of the VCF files are loaded into a single table. Any missing fields are set to null in their associated column.

When loading the VCF files, their field definitions and values must be consistent, or else the tool will fail. The tool can attempt to fix these inconsistencies if set to do so. For more information, see Handling malformed files.

After the job completes, run the following command to list all of the tables in your dataset, replacing the GOOGLE_CLOUD_PROJECT and BIGQUERY_DATASET with your names:

bq ls --format=pretty ${GOOGLE_CLOUD_PROJECT}:${BIGQUERY_DATASET}

Check that the new table containing your VCF data is in the list.

Analyzing Variants with BigQuery

This page describes how to use BigQuery to analyze variants. The example below shows how to compute the ratio of transitions to transversions in SNPs in each chromosome for each sample.

Analyzing variants

The following example uses the data that was just imported with Variant Transforms.

To analyze the variants in the table:

1. Go to the BigQuery UI.

2. In the Query Editor add the following query. Replace PROJECT_ID in the FROM line with your projectid:

#standardSQL -- -- Compute the transition/transversion ratio per sample and reference name. -- WITH filtered_snp_calls AS ( SELECT reference_name, c.sample_id, CONCAT(reference_bases, '->', alternate_bases[ORDINAL(1)].alt) AS mutation, FROM `PROJECT_ID.genomicstest.deepvariant__chr20` AS v, UNNEST(v.call) AS c # example table name: qwiklabs-gcp-01-1234567890ab.genomicstest.deepvariant__chr20 WHERE # Only include biallelic SNPs. reference_bases IN ('A','C','G','T') AND alternate_bases[ORDINAL(1)].alt IN ('A','C','G','T') AND (ARRAY_LENGTH(alternate_bases) = 1 OR (ARRAY_LENGTH(alternate_bases) = 2 AND alternate_bases[ORDINAL(2)].alt = '<*>')) # Skip homozygous reference calls and no-calls. AND EXISTS (SELECT g FROM UNNEST(c.genotype) AS g WHERE g > 0) AND NOT EXISTS (SELECT g FROM UNNEST(c.genotype) AS g WHERE g < 0) ), mutation_type_counts AS ( SELECT reference_name, sample_id, SUM(CAST(mutation IN ('A->G', 'G->A', 'C->T', 'T->C') AS INT64)) AS transitions, SUM(CAST(mutation IN ('A->C', 'C->A', 'G->T', 'T->G', 'A->T', 'T->A', 'C->G', 'G->C') AS INT64)) AS transversions FROM filtered_snp_calls GROUP BY reference_name, sample_id ) SELECT reference_name, sample_id, transitions, transversions, transitions/transversions AS titv FROM mutation_type_counts WHERE transversions > 0 ORDER BY titv DESC, sample_id

Click Run. Your table of results should look like this:

The titv column shows the transition to transversion ratio.

If your query is having errors, double check that the Dataflow job was successful and that the table in the FROM line is properly written. For this lab, the table in the FROM line will be written as, qwiklabs-gcp-02-7fa1386795d9.genomicstest.deepvariant__chr20, but with your unique Qwiklabs Project ID.

Congratulations

You have now learned how to use Variant Transforms and BigQuery to perform analysis of genomic variants. BigQuery can be used to perform all types of analysis of variant data such as QA/QC, joint genotyping, population analysis, and comparing genotypic data to phenotype information hosted in other datasets. Variant Transforms provides a way to import this data from a variety of sources, ranging from single sample exomes to multi-sample whole genomes, in a fast and scalable way. Variant Transforms is a gateway to unlocking the power of BigQuery to facilitate fast, reproducible, and massive scale analysis of genomic data.

Next Steps / Learn More

• Troubleshooting the Variant Transforms Tool https://cloud.google.com/life-sciences/docs/how-tos/troubleshooting-variant-transforms.
• Google Cloud Life Sciences Discussion Group: gcp-life-sciences-discuss@googlegroups.com

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Manual Last Updated July 30, 2021

Lab Last Tested July 30, 2021

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